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Parveen, Sajida
- Face Anti-Spoofing Methods
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1 Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Universiti Putra, MY
2 Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Universiti Putra, IN
1 Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Universiti Putra, MY
2 Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Universiti Putra, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 108, No 8 (2015), Pagination: 1491-1500Abstract
In recent years, facial biometric systems have received increased deployment in various applications such as surveillance, access control and forensic investigations. However, one of the limitations of face recognition system is the high possibility of the system being deceived or spoofed by non-real faces such as photograph, video clips or dummy faces. In order to identify the spoofing attacks on such biometric systems, face liveness detection approaches have been developed. Thus, the current approach is to integrate liveness detection within facial biometrics by using life sign indicators of individual features. This article presents a review of state-of-the-art techniques in face liveness detection, which are classified into two groups, namely intrusive and non-intrusive approaches. Here, each technique is discussed in terms of its implementation, strengths and limitations, as well as indications on possible future research directions that can be studied.Keywords
Biometrics, Face Recognition, Intrusive, Liveness Detection, Non-Intrusive.- M2DFR:Multi-Layer Multipath Data Forwarding Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network
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Authors
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1 Quaid-e-Awam University, Engineering, Science and Technology, Sindh, PK
1 Quaid-e-Awam University, Engineering, Science and Technology, Sindh, PK
Source
Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 12, No 1 (2019), Pagination: 1-6Abstract
Objectives: To design and develop the Multi-layer Multipath Data Forwarding Routing (M2DFR) protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network which controls the water depth, node mobility and can enhance the overall performance. Method/Analysis: M2DFR is based on three phases, one is design of architecture under which the deployment of the nodes are shown, second is the initialization phase which develops the multipath route selection mechanism between seabed source nodes to ordinary nodes which are deployed in the lower depth to upper layer, Acoustic Powerful Nodes (APNs) deployed in upper depth in fixed way in layers to surface sink nodes which are deployed on water surface, the route selection for multipath is based on RREQ/RREP through Weight Calculation Mechanism (WCM). Third phase focuses the data forwarding phase under which the shortest WCM is selected and from this route packets are forwarded from source nodes to sink nodes. Findings: Most of the existing protocols are unable to overcome the problem of water depth controlling, uncontrolled node mobility. Applications/Improvements: M2DFR is designed to extract the information from the bottom of the sea with its applications like: gold, oil/gas and minerals. The improved performance of M2DFR is measured with CBE2R and EMGGR.References
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